Frequency of causative factors for pleural effusion: a hospital based study

To determine the frequency of various causative factors of pleural effusion in adults. Descriptive study. Study was done in the Combined Military Hospital attock and PAF Hospital Faisal Karachi from March 2006 to March 2008. Combined Military Hospital, Attock and PAF hospital Faisal Karachi. One hundred and fifty patients of clinical signs of pleural effusion, were selected and then, further classified in to transudative and exudative variety by carrying out pleural fluid routine testing and using Light's criteria. Later the final etiological diagnosis was made with the help of appropriate laboratory tests. Out of total 150 patients who were studied, 123 patients were found to have exudative effusions whereas 27 cases had transudative effusion. A total of five 5 patients [3.33%] were lost to follow up. Three patients were out of exudative variety and 02 were from transudative variety. Out of 120 patient of exudative pleural effusion, 70[58.2%] had tuberculosis, 28[23.2%] had malignancy, 12[10%] had pneumonia, 5[6%] were uraemic, 2[1.6%] had pulmonary embolism, and rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosis and liver abscess were causative factors in 1[0.8%] each patient. Out of transudative effusions, 14[56%] had congestive cardiac failure, 5[20%] had cirrhosis liver, 4[16%] had nephrotic syndrome and 1[4%] each had cardiac tamponade and myxoedema. The most common cause of pleural effusion remains tuberculosis

Raised intraocular pressure; frequency after Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy

To measure the rise in intraocular pressure after neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet [Nd:YAG] Laser capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients aged 50 years and above. Prospective study. Study was done from May 2005 to Dec 2005. [Eight months duration] Eye department Military Hospital Rawalpindi. A total of 100 patients, presenting in Eye department, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. With a minimum number of bursts of 3.6 mj / shot energy level with Nd: YAG laser, a 3 to 4 mm hole in the posterior capsule was created. The intraocular pressure was measured 1 hour, 3 hours, 1 day and 1 week after the laser. The rise in intraocular pressure was noticed in 6 [6%] patients after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Five out of six patients had fibrous type of posterior capsular opacification while one patient had Elschnig's pearl. Male to female Ratio was 7:3. Our findings suggest that the rise in intraocular pressure is an infrequent complication of Nd:YAG Laser capsulotomy